What is OOP (Class 12)

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming model that organizes software design around objects rather than functions and logic. In OOP, we need to understand classes and objects.

• Objet: A real-world entity that has attributes (properties) and behaviours methods/functions).
• Class: It is a blueprint or template used to create objects.

Example:

• Class: Car
• Objects: MyCar, YourCar
• Attributes: color, model, speed
• Methods: start(), stop(), accelerate()

Key Concepts of OOP

• Class: Blueprint for creating objects.
• Object: Instance of a class.
• Encapsulation: Wrapping data (attributes) and methods in a single unit (class). Helps in data hiding.
• Inheritance: Acquiring properties and methods from another class.
• Polymorphism: The Same function/method can behave differently in different contexts.
• Abstraction: Hiding unnecessary details and showing only the important features.

Types of OOP / Inheritance

Inheritance is a key part of OOP. It allows a class to inherit attributes and methods of another class. There are several types:

Single Inheritance

• A class inherits from one parent class.
• Example:

class Vehicle:

def start(self):

print(“Vehicle started”)

class Car(Vehicle):

pass

c = Car()

c.start()  # Output: Vehicle started

Multiple Inheritance

• A class inherits from more than one parent class.
• Example:

class Engine:

def engine_type(self):

print(“V6 Engine”)

class Wheels:

def wheel_count(self):

print(“4 wheels”)

class Car(Engine, Wheels):

pass

c = Car()

c.engine_type()

c.wheel_count()

Multilevel Inheritance

• A class inherits from a class that itself inherits from another class (like a chain).
• Example:

class Vehicle:

def vehicle_type(self):

print(“Generic Vehicle”)

class Car(Vehicle):

def car_type(self):

print(“Car”)

class SportsCar(Car):

pass

s = SportsCar()

s.vehicle_type()

s.car_type()

Hierarchical Inheritance

• Multiple classes inherit from one parent class.
• Example:

class Vehicle:

def start(self):

print(“Vehicle started”)

class Car(Vehicle):

pass

class Bike(Vehicle):

pass

c = Car()

b = Bike()

c.start()  # Vehicle started

b.start()  # Vehicle started

Hybrid Inheritance

• A combination of two or more types of inheritance (single, multiple, multilevel).
• Often used in complex programs.

Advantages

• Reusability of code (inheritance).
• Easier to maintain and debug.
• Models real-world problems better.
• Security through encapsulation.

Example Languages

• Java, C++
• Python
• C#
• Ruby

Read Online or Download the Slide.

Thank you for your view on OOP.

Also read:

Mobile Price in Nepal in 2025

Price of Samsung Mobile in Nepal 2025